October 25, 2017
Urban heat and cool island effects controlled by agriculture and irrigation
Shillong, a city in northeastern India, is fairly vegetated. Cities with green infrastructure and vegetation are better equipped to keep themselves cool than concrete jungles.
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. — As Earth’s climate continues to warm, the urban heat island effect raises concerns that city-dwellers will suffer more heat stress than their rural counterparts. However, new research suggests that some cities actually experience a cooling effect.
More than 60 percent of urban areas in India experience a day-time cooling effect, according to the study, which was published in Scientific Reports. The cooling effect has been observed in the past, but this paper is the first to directly identify a cause: lack of moisture and vegetation in non-urban areas surrounding the city.
“When the areas around cities are running low on water and they aren’t being irrigated, they turn into hot, dry, barren fields,” said Matthew Huber, a professor of earth, atmospheric and planetary sciences at Purdue University. “When that happens, there’s actually more water available to evaporate in the cities than the surrounding countryside. It’s like the cities are sweating.”
More commonly, cities are warmer than their rural surroundings, known as the heat island effect. As cities develop, they lose vegetation and surfaces are paved or covered with buildings. With less shade and moisture, they aren’t able to keep themselves as cool.
Huber and his collaborators obtained temperature data from 89 cities in India and then used a climate model to determine the effects of irrigation. By turning irrigation “on and off” in the model, they found that both urban heating and cooling effects are largely controlled by agriculture and moisture availability from irrigation.
Season and region also affect whether an urban area will experience a heating or cooling effect. The study showed that during the pre-monsoon season, a majority of urban areas were cooler than their rural surroundings during the day. During the post-monsoon season, they were warmer. Urban areas in the Gangetic Plain, northwestern India, and southern tip of the west coast were warmer during both seasons.
Despite day-time cooling in some of India’s urban centers, nearly all of them experienced warming at night. The effects of night-time warming were especially intense in the semi-arid western region of India.
The effects of intensified warming, especially in a hot, densely populated country like India, can be deadly. In May of 2015, a heat wave caused the deaths of at least 2,300 people, and heat waves are expected to become more frequent. Research published in Science Advances shows that heat-related events killing 100 or more people in India increased by 146 percent between 1960 and 2009.
Huber’s team has clearly demonstrated the ways in which land-use decisions affect local and regional climate patterns. Understanding the role of urban and rural areas in the heat island effect can provide policy insights that help in urban planning and managing public health. As for the urban cooling effect, Huber says he wouldn’t depend on it to save lives.
“Right now, it’s sort of an unintended benefit. It could easily go away. As conditions warm, it’s more likely that this effect would go away rather than intensify,” he said. “On the other hand, this shows that green infrastructure could be really effective at cooling cities. But that has implications for water use. Are you going to impoverish the countryside and leave those areas barren, and the cities lush? These are the kinds of questions we’re asking: what are the tradeoffs?”
Rahul Kumar and Vimal Mishra of the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Jonathan Buzan and MatthewHuber of Purdue University, Rohini Kumar of UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Drew Shindell of Duke University collaborated on this project. Mishra is a Purdue alumnus.
Writer: Kayla Zacharias, 765-494-9318, kzachar@purdue.edu
Source: Matthew Huber, 765-494-0044, huberm@purdue.edu
ABSTRACT
Dominant control of agriculture and irrigation on urban heat island in India
Rahul Kumar1, Vimal Mishra1, Jonathan Buzan2, Rohini Kumar3, Drew Shindell4, Matthew Huber2
1Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 2Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 3UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany, 4Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
As is true in many regions, India experiences surface Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect that is well understood, but the causes of the more recently discovered Urban Cool Island (UCI) effect remain poorly constrained. This raises questions about our fundamental understanding of the drivers of rural-urban environmental gradients and hinders development of effective strategies for mitigation and adaptation to projected heat stress increases in rapidly urbanizing India. Here we show that more than 60% of Indian urban areas are observed to experience a day-time UCI. We use satellite observations and the Community Land Model (CLM) to identify the impact of irrigation and prove for the first time that UCI is caused by lack of vegetation and moisture in non-urban areas relative to cities. In contrast, urban areas in extensively irrigated landscapes generally experience the expected positive UHI effect. At night, UHI warming intensifies, occurring across a majority (90%) of India’s urban areas. The magnitude of rural-urban temperature contrasts is largely controlled by agriculture and moisture availability from irrigation, but further analysis of model results indicates an important role for atmospheric aerosols. Thus, both land-use decisions and aerosols are important factors governing, modulating, and even reversing the expected urban-rural temperature gradients.
